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TASK 1076
TASK: Perform radio navigation.
CONDITIONS: In an AH-64 helicopter under IMC or simulated IMC or in an AH64CMS and given appropriate navigational publications.
STANDARDS:
1. Maintain altitude ±100 feet.
2. Maintain airspeed ±10 KIAS.
3. Correctly tune and identify appropriate NAVAIDs.
4. Correctly determine aircraft position.
5. Correctly intercept and maintain the desired course.
6. Correctly identify station passage.
7. Correctly perform crew coordination actions.
DESCRIPTION:
1. The P will select and announce radio frequencies. He also will monitor radios and ATC information not monitored by the P*.
2. Prior to flight during which use of the ADF is expected, the PLT will check the ADF to ensure that it will receive on each band to be used during the mission. He also will ensure that the Number 2 needle points in the direction of the selected stations.
3. Prior to using a selected NDB for navigation, the PLT will tune the ADF. After the P has identified the station and position of the aircraft in relation to the desired course, the P* will turn 45 degrees toward the course (90 degrees to expedite). He will maintain an intercept heading until approaching an on-course indication. Depending on the rate of closure, the P* will start a turn so as to intercept the desired track on course.
4. The P* will announce ATC information not monitored by the P and will maintain the desired heading until navigational instruments show an off-course condition. He will then turn 20 degrees toward the course to reintercept. If navigational instruments do not indicate movement toward the course within a reasonable time, the P* will increase the intercept angle. When he reintercepts the course, he will turn toward the course andapply the appropriate drift correction (normally one-half of the intercept angle). The P* will continue to bracket the course by decreasing corrections until he obtains a heading that will maintain the aircraft on course. The crew will determine arrival at radio intersections per procedures in FM 1-240 and will identify station passage by observing the first complete reversal of the indicator needle.
5. The P* will announce any deviation not directed by ATC or the P and will acknowledge all directives given by the P.
6. During simulated IMC only, the P will remain focused outside the aircraft to provide adequate warning for avoiding obstacles and hazards detected. He also will announce when his attention is focused inside the cockpit.
NOTE: Use of the doppler as an IFR navigational system is not authorized; however, the crew should consider and plan for its use as an emergency backup system.
REFERENCES:
AIM
AR 95-1
DOD FLIP
FM 1-240
TM 55-1520-238-10
TASK 1077
TASK: Perform holding procedures.
CONDITIONS: In an AH-64 helicopter under IMC or simulated IMC or in an AH64CMS and given an altitude, holding instructions, and the appropriate navigational publications.
STANDARDS:
1. Maintain altitude ±100 feet.
2. Maintain airspeed ±10 KIAS.
3. Correctly tune and identify the appropriate NAVAIDs.
4. Correctly enter the holding pattern.
5. Correctly time and track holding pattern legs.
6. Correctly perform crew coordination actions.
DESCRIPTION:
1. Prior to arrival at the holding fix, the PC will analyze the holding instructions and determine the holding pattern and proper entry procedures. He will brief the other crew member on the proposed entry, outbound heading, and inbound course.
2. The P will select radio frequencies and monitor radios. He will announce ATC information not monitored by the P*. He also will compute outbound times and headings to adjust for winds and direct the P* to adjust the pattern, as necessary.
3. The P* will fly headings and altitudes and will adjust inbound and outbound times as directed by ATC or the P. He will announce any deviation as well as ATC information not monitored by the P.
4. During simulated IMC only, the P will remain focused outside the aircraft to provide adequate warning for avoiding obstacles and hazards detected. He will announce when his attention is focused inside the cockpit.
REFERENCES:
TASK 1078
TASK: Perform unusual attitude recovery.
CONDITIONS: In an AH-64 helicopter with a UT, an IP, or an IE and under simulated IMC or in an AH64CMS.
STANDARDS:
1. Correctly analyze aircraft attitude.
2. Without delay, use correct recovery procedures in the proper sequence.
3. Recover without exceeding aircraft operating limitations and with a minimum loss of altitude.
4. Correctly perform crew coordination actions.
DESCRIPTION:
1. The IP, UT, or IE will direct unusual attitude recovery and positively transfer aircraft controls. He will provide adequate warning for corrective action if aircraft operating limitations may be exceeded. He will announce any input to or when assuming aircraft controls.
2. The P* will acknowledge the unusual attitude recovery and positive transfer of aircraft controls. He will immediately initiate a recovery to straight and level flight by--
a. Establishing a level pitch and roll attitude.
b. Establishing and maintaining a heading.
c. Adjusting to a cruise or climb power setting.
d. Trimming the aircraft.
NOTE: If operating in the NOE approach or manual stabilator mode, reset to automatic.
NVS TECHNIQUES: Simulated or actual IMC is not a prerequisite for an unusual attitude. During NVS operations, the P* may experience an unusual attitude even though he has visual reference with the earth's surface. He also may experience an unusual attitude when he loses visual reference as a result of FLIR image degradation, DC restoration, or sensor failure. Crew coordination during the recovery should be preplanned and prebriefed to conform to the flight condition (day or night) and to the P'scapability to assist. If an unusual attitude is encountered, the method of recovery used varies according to the symbology mode, type of unusual attitude, and the flight parameters. If hover or bob-up symbology is being used, unusual attitudes will probably involve excessive sink rates during OGE hovers or masking procedures. This is sometimes combined with undesirable rearward drift.
a. Hover or bob-up symbology recovery sequence.
(1) Orient the PNVS/TADS turret toward the nose of the helicopter, and minimize head movement during the recovery. Cross-check the positional relationship of the LOS reticle and the head tracker reference symbol.
(2) Apply forward cyclic to stop any rearward drift. Cross-check the acceleration cue and velocity vector symbology with FLIR imagery and the bob-up box, if displayed.
CAUTION To prevent the possibility of overtorquing the engines, avoid excessive or rapid power application. |
(3) If descending, increase the collective pitch control to slow the rate of descent. Stop the descent, if necessary. Cross-check the torque percentage and vertical speed symbologies in conjunction with FLIR imagery.
(4) Adjust tail rotor control pedals to maintain a constant heading. Cross-check heading tape with FLIR imagery.
b. Transition or cruise symbology recovery sequence.
(1) Orient the PNVS/TADS turret toward the nose of the helicopter, and minimize head movement during the recovery. Align the LOS reticle and the head tracker reference symbology.
(2) Adjust the cyclic to establish a level pitch-and-roll attitude. Cross-check the horizon line, heading tape, FLIR imagery (if adequate detail is displayed), and airspeed symbology.
(3) Establish a constant heading. Cross-check the heading tape and FLIR imagery.
(4) Adjust the collective pitch control to zero the vertical velocity. Cross-check the vertical velocity, torque percentage, and radar altitude symbologies. (The radar altimeter is a trend indicator and can indicate climbs and descents as well as rising or falling terrain. Variations in radar altitude may be observed even with no climb or descent in progress.)
(5) Adjust tail rotor control pedals as appropriate to trim the helicopter.
(6) Request assistance from the IP or P, as required.
(7) After establishing helicopter control, reestablish the desired flight parameters; for example, airspeed, heading, or altitude.
REFERENCES:
TASK 1079
TASK: Perform radio communication procedures.
CONDITIONS: In an AH-64 helicopter or an AH64CMS with two-way radio communications established.
STANDARDS:
1. Without error, adjust avionics to the proper frequencies.
2. Establish radio contact with appropriate ATC facility.
3. When communicating with ATC facilities, use correct radio communication procedures and phraseology per the DOD FLIP.
4. Acknowledge each radio communication with ATC by using the correct aircraft call sign.
5. Acknowledge and comply with ATC instructions to change frequencies.
6. Correctly perform crew coordination actions.
DESCRIPTION:
1. The PC will assign radio frequencies per mission requirements during the crew briefing and will indicate which crew member will establish and maintain primary communications.
2. The P* will announce ATC information not monitored by the P.
3. The P will adjust avionics to the required frequencies. He will copy pertinent information and announce information not monitored by the P*.
4. The crew member assigned responsibility for communication procedures will perform the following actions: Adjust avionics to the required frequencies. Continuously monitor the avionics. When required, establish communications with the appropriate ATC facility. Monitor the frequency before transmitting. Transmit pilot reports, position reports, and flight plan changes. Use the correct radio call sign when acknowledging each communication. When advised to change frequencies, acknowledge the instructions. Select the new frequency as soon as possible unless instructed to do so at a specified time, fix, or altitude. Use radio communication procedures and phraseology appropriate for the area of operations.
REFERENCES:
DOD FLIP
Unit SOP
TASK 1080
TASK: Perform procedures for two-way radio failure.
CONDITIONS: In an AH-64 helicopter, an AH64CMS, a CWEPT, or a classroom environment.
STANDARDS:
1. Implement correct procedures for two-way radio failure.
2. Correctly perform crew coordination actions.
DESCRIPTION:
1. The P* or P will announce two-way radio failure. The PC will direct the efforts to identify and correct avionic malfunctions.
2. The P* will remain focused outside the aircraft or inside the cockpit on the instruments, as appropriate. He will not participate in troubleshooting the malfunction.
3. The P will troubleshoot the malfunction and announce the results.
4. If two-way radio failure occurs while operating under VFR or if VMC are encountered after the failure, the crew will continue the flight under VFR.
5. If two-way radio failure occurs while operating under IFR in the NAS, the PLT will adjust the transponder and the crew will continue the flight according to instructions in the FIH.
6. If two-way radio failure occurs while operating under IFR outside CONUS, the crew will comply with ICAO rules or applicable host-country regulations.
REFERENCES:
DOD FLIP
FIH
Unit SOP
TASK 1081
TASK: Perform nonprecision approach.
CONDITIONS: In an AH-64 helicopter under IMC or simulated IMC or in an AH64CMS, with the approach clearance received and the before-landing check completed, and given the appropriate DOD FLIP.
STANDARDS:
1. Execute the approach according to AR 95-1, FM 1-240, and the DOD FLIP.
2. Maintain airspeed ±10 KIAS.
3. Maintain altitude ±100 feet.
4. Maintain NDB course ±5 degrees.
5. During ASR approaches, make immediate heading and altitude changes issued by ATC and maintain heading ±5 degrees.
6. Comply with descent minimums prescribed for the approach.
7. Execute the correct missed approach procedure immediately upon reaching the MAP if the landing cannot be accomplished.
8. Correctly perform crew coordination actions.
DESCRIPTION:
1. The PC will review the approach with the other crew member prior to initiating the procedure.
2. The P* will remain focused inside the cockpit on the instruments and will follow the heading, altitude, and missed approach directives issued by the P. He will announce any deviation not directed by ATC or the P and will acknowledge all navigation directives given by the P.
3. The P will call out the approach procedure to the P*. He will announce changes to ATC communication frequencies and ATC information not monitored by the P*. The P will complete the approach when VMC is encountered.
4. During simulated IMC only, the P will remain focused outside the aircraft to provide adequate warning for avoiding obstacles and hazards detected. He will announce when his attention is focused inside the cockpit.
NOTE 1: FM 1-240 describes approach procedures.
NOTE 2: Use of the doppler as an IFR navigational system is not authorized; however, the crew should consider and plan for its use as an emergency backup system.
REFERENCES:
AR 95-1
DOD FLIP
FM 1-240
TM 55-1520-238-10
TASK 1082
TASK: Perform precision approach.
CONDITIONS: In an AH-64 helicopter under IMC or simulated IMC or in an AH64CMS, with radar contact established with the controller and the before-landing check completed, and given the appropriate DOD FLIP.
STANDARDS:
1. Execute the approach according to AR 95-1, FM 1-240, and the DOD FLIP.
2. Maintain airspeed ±10 KIAS.
3. Maintain altitude ±100 feet.
4. Maintain heading ±5 degrees.
5. Make immediate heading and altitude corrections issued by ATC.
6. Comply with the decision height prescribed for the approach.
7. Execute the correct missed approach procedure immediately upon reaching the decision height if the landing cannot be accomplished.
8. Correctly perform crew coordination actions.
DESCRIPTION:
1. The PC will review the approach with the other crew member prior to initiating the procedure.
2. The P* will remain focused inside the cockpit on the instruments and will follow the heading, altitude, and missed approach directives issued by the P. The P* will announce any deviation not directed by ATC or the P and will acknowledge all navigation directives given by the P.
3. The P will call out the approach procedure to the P*. He will announce changes to ATC communication frequencies and ATC information not monitored by the P*. The P will complete the approach when VMC are encountered.
4. During simulated IMC only, the P will remain focused outside the aircraft to provide adequate warning for avoidingobstacles and hazards detected. He will announce when his attention is focused inside the cockpit.
NOTE 1: FM 1-240 describes approach procedures.
NOTE 2: Use of the doppler as an IFR navigational system is not authorized; however, the crew should consider and plan for its use as an emergency backup system.
REFERENCES:
AR 95-1
DOD FLIP
FM 1-240
TM 55-1520-238-10
TASK 1083
TASK: Perform or describe inadvertent IMC procedures/VHIRP.
CONDITIONS: In an AH-64 helicopter under simulated IMC, in an AH64CMS, or orally in a classroom environment.
STANDARDS:
1. Maintain proper aircraft control, and make the transition to instrument flight immediately.
2. Initiate a climb immediately.
3. Without error, comply with local vertical helicopter instrument recovery procedures.
4. Correctly perform crew coordination actions.
DESCRIPTION:
1. The P* and/or the P will announce inadvertent IMC.
2. The P* will announce when he initiates inadvertent IMC procedures or VHIRP.
3. The P will monitor the aircraft instruments to assist in establishing coordinated flight within aircraft operating limits. He also will make the appropriate radio calls.
4. If inadvertent IMC are encountered, the P* will proceed as follows:
a. Level the wings on the attitude indicator or appropriate symbology.
b. Maintain heading; turn only to avoid known obstacles.
c. Adjust the torque to climb power.
d. Adjust the airspeed to climb airspeed.
e. Complete the VHIRP per local regulations and policies.
NOTE 1: If the stabilator is in the manual or NOE approach mode, reset it to automatic.
NOTE 2: Use of the doppler as an IFR navigational system is not authorized; however, the crew should consider and plan for its use as an emergency backup system.
NIGHT OR NVD CONSIDERATIONS: When using the NVS or NVG, the crew may be able to see through thin obscurations, such as fog and drizzle, with little or no degradation. The NVG should be removed or flipped up once cruise flight is established.
NVS TECHNIQUES: When IMC are encountered, the crew may use the HDU, VDU (PLT), HOD (CPG), or aircraft instruments to initiate inadvertent IMC procedures or VHIRP. The preferred method is to use the aircraft instruments. However, if HDU, VDU, or HOD is used, whiteout or brownout may be encountered and symbology may be obscured. If this happens, immediately move the PLRT/BRSIT switch to the PLRT position and reverse polarity. Then select the appropriate symbology mode (transition or cruise), and perform the procedures described above. Once the climb is established and the aircraft is clear of the immediate terrain, make the transition to the aircraft instruments.
NOTE 1: Aircraft trim indications are available to the CPG only through flight symbology.
NOTE 2: Inadvertent IMC may be encountered in environments where obscurants such as sand, dust, snow, rain, and smoke are present.
REFERENCES:
AR 95-2
AR 95-3
AR 95-1
FM 1-202
FM 1-240
TC 1-204
Unit SOP
TASK 1090
TASK: Perform masking and unmasking.
CONDITIONS: In an AH-64 helicopter or an AH64CMS, with the hover power check completed, while not engaging a target.
STANDARDS:
1. Perform a thorough map reconnaissance of the desired observation area.
2. Correctly mask the aircraft from enemy visual observation and electronic detection.
3. Maintain sufficient distance behind an obstacle to allow for safe maneuvering.
4. Move to a new location, if available, before subsequent unmasking.
5. Correctly perform crew coordination actions.
DESCRIPTION:
1. The P* will remain focused outside the aircraft to clear the aircraft throughout the maneuver. He will announce the type of masking and unmasking before executing the maneuver.
2. The P will focus his attention primarily inside the cockpit. He will perform a thorough map reconnaissance to identify natural and man-made features prior to unmasking. He will assist in providing adequate warning to avoid obstacles and in announcing unusual or unanticipated drift and altitude changes.
3. The crew must clear any obstacles directly below the aircraft if descending vertically or in the flight path if moving laterally.
4. The crew will perform the following actions:
a. Masking in flight. With the aid of the map, the crew will fly to the objective. They will take maximum advantage of terrain and vegetation to prevent exposure of the aircraft to enemy visual observation or electronic detection. They will maintain orientation at all times and look far enough ahead on the map for hazards.
b. Unmasking in flight. The P* will keep aircraft exposure time to a minimum to prevent enemy visual observation orelectronic detection. The crew must be aware that gun dish radar can lock onto a target within two to nine seconds.
c. Unmasking at a hover (vertically). The crew will ensure that sufficient power is available to unmask. The P* will apply collective until sufficient altitude is obtained to see over the mask without exceeding aircraft limitations. He will maintain horizontal main rotor blade clearance from the mask in case of a power loss or a tactical need to mask the aircraft quickly. When possible, the P* will unmask at a safe distance from the mask to allow a rapid descent to a masked condition if detected or fired upon. He must be aware of a common tendency to move forward or rearward while vertically unmasking and remasking. He will keep aircraft exposure time to a minimum.
d. Unmasking at a hover (laterally). Sometimes unmasking can be accomplished by moving laterally from the mask. The P* will hover the aircraft sideward to provide the smallest silhouette possible to enemy observation or fire. He will keep aircraft exposure time to a minimum.
NOTE 1: When unmasking the helicopter, the crew should select a new location that is a significant distance from the previous location and where the target area can still be observed. If the target area is a long distance (2,000 to 3,000 meters) away, moving only 100 meters will still keep the aircraft in the same field of view from the target. However, if the target area is close to the unmasking position, a drift of 100 meters will make a significant difference.
NOTE 2: Hover OGE power is required for masking and unmasking.
NOTE 3: Use of the HAS will reduce the P*'s workload.
NIGHT OR NVD CONSIDERATIONS: Maintaining altitude and position is more difficult when hovering above 25 feet without aircraft lights. The P* should use the radar altimeter to assist in maintaining altitude. He should use the position box to assist in maintaining aircraft position. Otherwise, he must use references such as lights, tops of trees, or man-made objects above and to the front and sides of the aircraft. By establishing a reference angle to these objects, the P* can detect altitude changes by changing his viewing perspective. Hovering near ground features, such as roads, provides ideal references for judging lateral movement. However, the P* may become spatially disoriented when alternating his viewing perspective between high and low references. Therefore, he must rely on the P for assistance if he becomes disoriented.
NVS TECHNIQUES:
1. Masking.
a. Using imagery, catalog obstacle locations and heights. Determine a minimum safe altitude at which the aircraft is clear of obstacles.
b. Use imagery to select visual reference points for visual orientation during performance of the maneuver. These reference points will assist in maintaining heading and position.
c. When a stable hover has been achieved at the desired location, select bob-up mode symbology. Note heading (heading tape) and MSA (radar altimeter and imagery-supplied cues).
2. Unmasking.
a. Apply collective to initiate the desired rate of ascent. (Reference torque and VSI symbology.)
b. Use the cyclic as necessary to maintain position during the ascent. Imagery reference and symbology (position box) will indicate drift or movement from the original position.
c. Use imagery-provided cues and heading tape symbology to maintain aircraft heading.
d. Once the desired altitude is reached, adjust the collective to maintain altitude. Reference the radar altitude symbology, torque, and VSI symbology.
3. Remasking.
a. Using the composite display, verify the position.
b. Reduce collective to initiate a descent while referencing torque and VSI symbology. Use image cues to remask. Ensure that the composite display imagery-position box and/or LOS reticle indicates a return to a vertical position over the origin.
c. Continue the descent to the MSA.
d. Maintain heading while remasking by referencing imagery-provided cues and heading tape symbology.
NOTE: If doppler drift exists, the time spent in bob-up may increase the error in the position symbology. Predicting DNS drift is difficult. The P* must base his decision to descend on image-oriented references. He can use position symbology information to enhance aircraft position control. However, the use of symbology alone will not ensure obstacle avoidance.
REFERENCES:
ASET I Program
FM 1-203
TC 1-204
TM 55-1520-238-10
TASK 1094
TASK: Identify major US or allied equipment and major threat equipment.
CONDITIONS: In a tactical or simulated tactical environment or in a classroom environment.
STANDARDS:
1. Without the use of references, correctly identify major US or allied equipment expected to be in the area of operations.
2. Without the use of references, correctly identify major threat equipment expected to be in the area of operations by its NATO nomenclature per FM 1-402.
3. Correctly perform crew coordination actions.
DESCRIPTION:
1. While looking at the actual equipment or when shown pictures or mock-ups of the equipment, the crew members will correctly identify major US or allied equipment expected to be in the area of operations.
2. While looking at the actual equipment or when shown pictures or mock-ups of the equipment, the crew members will correctly identify major threat equipment expected to be in the area of operations. They must identify the equipment by its NATO nomenclature.
3. When in an aircraft, the P* or P will announce the type and direction of the equipment detected. The other crew member will confirm the type and direction of the equipment.
REFERENCES:
TASK 1095
TASK: Operate aircraft survivability equipment.
CONDITIONS: In an AH-64 helicopter or an AH64CMS equipped with ASE and during a tactical flight in a simulated threat environment or in a classroom environment.
STANDARDS:
1. Correctly prepare the equipment for operation.
2. Perform a self-test check, if required, without error.
3. Identify the threat or friendly radar system from the visual display or audio warning without delay.
4. Properly operate the equipment.
5. Correctly perform crew coordination actions.
DESCRIPTION:
1. The crew will perform a preflight inspection and will perform or simulate employment procedures and precautions for the AN/ALQ-136(V)5, AN/ALQ-144A, AN/APR-39(V)1, and M130 (chaff).
2. The PLT will perform turn-on, self-test, and operational checks; operating procedures; and shutdown procedures. He will evaluate and interpret the ASE visual and/or aural indication.
3. The crew will properly execute mission employment doctrine and determine partial failure alternatives.
REFERENCES:
ASET II Program
FM 1-101
TM 11-5841-283-12
TM 11-5865-200-12
TM 11-5865-202-12
TASK 1098
TASK: Perform after-landing tasks.
CONDITIONS: In an AH-64 helicopter, an AH64CMS, or a CWEPT and given TM 55-1520-238-CL.
STANDARDS:
1. Without error, perform after-landing tasks according to TM 55-1520-238-CL.
2. Correctly perform crew coordination actions.
DESCRIPTION:
1. The P will call out the after-landing checks.
2. The P* will confirm and announce completion of the checks.
3. The P* and/or the P will accomplish the after-landing tasks, to include engine shutdown and before-leaving-aircraft checks. The PC will ensure that the flight plan is closed and that a DA Form 2696-R (Operational Hazard Report) is completed, if required.
REFERENCES:
AR 95-1
AR385-95
DA Pamphlet 738-751
TM 55-1520-238-10
TM 55-1520-238-CL
TASK 1099
TASK: Operate Mark XII IFF System.
CONDITIONS: In an AH-64 helicopter or an AH64CMS equipped with the Mark XII IFF System and given a mission briefing that includes signal operation instructions.
STANDARDS:
1. Correctly prepare the system for operation.
2. Correctly perform a self-test check.
3. Correctly classify IFF and transponder defects relative to the mission.
4. Correctly operate the equipment without assistance.
DESCRIPTION: The PLT will perform or simulate the operational and employment procedures and precautions for the Mark XII IFF System. These include a preflight inspection; turn-on, self-test, and operational checks; mission employment doctrine and operating procedures; partial failure alternatives; and indication or signal interpretation. During shutdown, the PLT will correctly execute code-holding procedures or zeroize the codes as required.
NOTE: TM 11-5895-1199-12 contains details on the Mark XII IFF System.
REFERENCES:
DOD AIM 86-100
TM 11-5895-1199-12
TM 55-1520-238-10
TASK 1100
TASK: Perform TADS operational checks.
CONDITIONS: In an AH-64 helicopter, an AH64CMS, or a CWEPT and given TM 55-1520-238-CL.
STANDARDS:
1. Without error, perform TADS operational checks according to TM 55-1520-238-CL.
2. Correctly determine the operational status of the TADS.
3. Correctly perform crew coordination actions.
DESCRIPTION:
1. The CPG will perform operational checks as necessary to determine whether the TADS is operating properly. He will announce when he completes the checks.
2. The crew will determine the effect of a TADS malfunction and if the system can be used to perform the assigned mission.
3. The crew will record any discrepancies on DA Form 2408-13 (Aircraft Inspection and Maintenance Record).
REFERENCES:
AR 95-1
DA Pamphlet 738-751
TM 55-1520-238-10
TM 55-1520-238-CL
TASK 1101
TASK: Perform TADS boresighting.
CONDITIONS: In an AH-64 helicopter, an AH64CMS, or a CWEPT and given TM 55-1520-238-CL.
STANDARDS: Without error, perform an internal boresight and an out-front boresight according to TM 55-1520-238-CL.
WARNING Observe laser safety procedures. |
DESCRIPTION:
1. The CPG will announce when he initiates internal boresighting and when he completes the procedure.
2. The CPG will perform the following actions:
a. Internal boresight. Do the internal TADS boresight before doing the out-front boresight. Boresight the DTV and the FLIR sensors to the laser spot; boresight the DVO to the DTV. Boresight either the DTV or FLIR sensor first; however, for each sensor, the NFOV must be boresighted before the ZFOV is boresighted. The aiming reticles in the NFOV and ZFOV of each sensor are the only reticles boresighted to the LRF/D during TADS boresighting; therefore, use only the NFOV or ZFOV in conjunction with laser operations. Do not boresight the MFOV and the WFOV reticles to the LRF/D. Make appropriate adjustments to ensure proper alignment of the sensors with the laser.
b. Out-front boresight. Perform the out-front boresight to correct for mechanical inaccuracies in the boresight module. The out-front boresight will not impact adversely on internal boresights.
NOTE: Failure to accurately perform the boresight procedure may result in the laser and selected weapons impacting other than where the selected sensor is pointing.
REFERENCES:
AR 95-1
TB MED 524
TM 55-1520-238-10
TM 55-1520-238-CL
TASK 1102
TASK: Perform TADS sensor operations.
CONDITIONS: In an AH-64 helicopter, an AH64CMS, or a CWEPT with the TADS operational check and TADS boresighting completed.
STANDARDS: Correctly employ TADS sensors (DVO, DTV, and FLIR).
DESCRIPTION:
1. Direct View Optics. The DVO is a visible-energy (0.4 to 0.7 micron) optical path through the TADS to the ORT which provides a real-world view. Visual light enters both the NFOV and WFOV lenses and is routed through the day side optical path to converge on the DVO switching mirror from opposite sides. Select the DVO by placing the sensor switch in the DVO position. The trip mirror will rotate clockwise out of the DVO path, enabling presentation of the DVO to the CPG. While the DVO is selected, the DTV presentation (in the same FOV as selected for DVO) is available for display on the HOD and the IHADSS HDU. The message DVO will appear in the upper left portion of the video (DTV) display to indicate that the DVO has been selected. When the DTV or FLIR is selected, the trip mirror will rotate counterclockwise and interrupt the DVO.
NOTE: A laser filter is installed in the ORT to keep the reflected laser energy from the TADS LRF/D from injuring the eye.
2. Day Television.
a. The DTV converts near-infrared energy (0.7 to 1.1 microns) to a video signal and routes this signal through the TEU and symbol generator to the ORT and DEU. The DTV shares the optical path of the DVO NFOV and the laser. Within the optics assembly are lenses and prisms which route the near-infrared energy to the vidicon.
b. By positioning the sensor select switch to the TV position, the CPG will select the DTV as the TADS sensor. The TEU adds the TADS reticle and IAT gates (if the IAT is selected) and routes the video to the symbol generator. There is no direct video capability.
c. The CPG will move the FOV switch to the desired FOV position (W, N, or Z). The M position will select the WFOV. FOV gates will appear in W and N. The ZFOV is actually an electronic underscan of the center 50 percent of the NFOV; therefore, some resolution will be lost. The symbol generator processes the video, superimposes symbology, and routes the video to the DEUand ORT electronics for display. The message DTV will appear in the upper left portion of the display to indicate that the DTV sensor has been selected. If the DTV fails, the message TADS FAIL will appear in the AND sight status section when the CPG selects the TADS.
3. Forward-Looking Infrared.
a. The FLIR sensor converts intermediate- and far-infrared energy (7.5 to 12 microns) to a video signal and routes it through the TEU and symbol generator to the ORT, VDU, and DEU.
b. By placing the sensor select switch to FLIR, the CPG selects the FLIR as the TADS sensor. The CPG then selects the desired FOV (W, M, N, or Z) by moving the FOV select switch. The TEU adds the TADS LOS reticle and IAT gates, if selected. The symbol generator adds all other appropriate symbology. The WFOV, MFOV, and NFOV are true optical fields of view. The ZFOV is actually an electronic underscan of the center 50 percent of the NFOV; therefore, some resolution will be lost.
c. The WFOV allows the CPG to navigate, maintain orientation, and perform pilotage. It also provides the PLT with a redundant capability if the PNVS malfunctions. For target engagements, MFOV is used for target acquisition and NFOV or ZFOV is used for target recognition and engagement.
d. During a symbol generator failure, the TEU bypasses the symbol generator and provides a direct video line (TADS FLIR 2/WFOV) to the ORT.
NOTE 1: The crew member controlling the TADS can adjust gain and level and select polarity; the other crew member can only view the FLIR presentation.
NOTE 2: Task 2052 describes target tracking with the TADS.
REFERENCES:
Task 2052
TM 55-1520-238-10
TM 55-1520-238-CL
TASK 1103
TASK: Perform IHADSS boresighting.
CONDITIONS: In an AH-64 helicopter or an AH64CMS and given TM 55-1520-238-CL.
STANDARDS: Without error, perform boresighting procedures, in the proper sequence, for the appropriate crew station according to TM 55-1520-238-CL.
WARNING OFFSET boresighting is not authorized. |
DESCRIPTION:
1. Position the SIGHT SEL switch on the fire control panel to HMD/TADS, STBY, HMD, or NVS. Boresighting requires selection of an IHADSS function to provide an IHADSS LOS. On the interior light control panel, rotate the INST control clockwise out of the OFF position. This controls the intensity of the BRU. Position the BRSIT switch to IHADSS. This places the IHADSS in the boresight mode, inhibits the LOS from the sight electronics unit to the fire control computer, aligns the PNVS/TADS to the BRU LOS, and illuminates the BRU target as set by the INST control. If the PNVS/TADS is slaved to the IHADSS LOS (SIGHT SEL switch in HMD/TADS or NVS) and the boresight mode is selected, the PNVS/TADS will slave to the BRU LOS. Adjust the seat up or down to align the IHADSS LOS reticle coincident with the BRU target.
2. Perform a boresight according to TM 55-1520-238-10.
a. If the boresight is valid and accepted by the SEU, the message BORESIGHT . . . REQUIRED and the four cueing dots will disappear from the display.
b. If the boresight is invalid, the message BORESIGHT . . . REQUIRED and the four flashing cueing dots will remain on the display. In this case, reboresight the IHADSS using the procedures in 1 above.
c. If one or both of the IHADSS boresights are still invalid, the boresight requirement can be overridden by holding the collective PLRT/BRSIT HMD switch in the BRSIT HMD position for ten seconds or until the cueing dots disappear. The message BORESIGHT . . . REQUIRED will remain in the HAD sight status. Before taking this action, determine if mission requirements can be met.
3. Record any discrepancies on DA Form 2408-13 (Aircraft Inspection and Maintenance Record).
REFERENCES:
TC 1-204
TM 55-1520-238-10
TM 55-1520-238-CL
TASK 1104
TASK: Perform IHADSS video adjustments.
CONDITIONS: In an AH-64 helicopter or an AH64CMS and given TM 55-1520-238-CL.
STANDARDS:
1. Correctly adjust the video brightness and contrast.
2. Correctly align the image using the image rotation collar.
3. Correctly adjust the symbology brightness.
4. Correctly set the focus collar to achieve an infinity of focus.
DESCRIPTION:
1. Adjust the IHADSS video in the PLT's station as described below.
a. VID SEL switch. Position the VID SEL switch to GRAY SC. This will cause the symbology and video, if selected, to disappear from the screen. A gray scale, consisting of vertical or horizontal raster (focus) lines and two vertical 10-increment gray scales, will then appear. If the gray scale is not visible, increase the brightness and contrast. The IHADSS gray scale generator is in the DEU.
b. HDU image rotation collar. Rotate the collar to level the gray scale with the instrument panel.
c. IHADSS video BRT and CONTRAST controls. Adjust the gray scale presentation for optimum viewing.
(1) Ensure that the 10 bars of the gray scale are clear and distinct.
(2) Ensure that either the vertical or the horizontal raster lines are clear and distinct. Whether the raster lines are clearly visible or not, adjust the infinity focus collar by turning it, as it is worn, fully counterclockwise. Slowly rotate the collar clockwise until the raster lines first become clearly visible. Stop the focus adjustment in this position. Continuing the clockwise rotation of the collar will not improve image clarity and could contribute to eye fatigue.
NOTE: Check the horizontal and vertical sizing and centering and the electronic focus of the display using the gray scale border lines. If necessary, make adjustments on the DAP. The four border lines should be visible at the top, bottom, left, and right edges of the display with the corners cut off. If sizing and centering adjustments are made, reboresight the IHADSS.
d. VID SEL switch. Position the VID SEL switch to PLT when the display image is clear and distinct. The gray scale will disappear, and the selected symbology and video will appear.
e. IHADSS VID SYM BRT control. Adjust the symbology intensity.
f. Infinity focus check. Close and open your eyes several times while viewing distant objects to ensure that you are focusing at infinity. Neither imagery nor symbology should appear blurred.
2. Adjust the IHADSS video in the CPG's station as described below.
a. SIGHT SEL switch. Position the SIGHT SEL switch to HMD/TADS, HMD, or NVS.
b. Gray scale toggle switch. Momentarily position this switch down to select the gray scale. The gray scale, which consists of focus lines and two vertical 10-increment gray scales, will appear. The IHADSS gray scale generator is in the DEU.
NOTE: Check the horizontal and vertical sizing and centering and the electronic focus of the display using the gray scale border lines. If necessary, make adjustments on the DAP. The four border lines should be visible at the top, bottom, left, and right edges of the display with the corners cut off.
c. IHADSS video BRT and CONTRAST controls. Adjust the gray scale presentation for optimum viewing.
(1) Ensure that the 10 bars of the gray scale are clear and distinct.
(2) Ensure that either the vertical or the horizontal raster lines are clear and distinct. Whether the raster lines are clearly visible or not, adjust the infinity focus collar by turning the collar, as it is worn, fully counterclockwise. Slowly rotate the collar clockwise until the raster lines first become clearly visible. Stop the focus adjustment at this position. Continuing the clockwise rotation of the collar will not improve image clarity and could contribute to eye fatigue.
d. HDU image rotation collar. Rotate the collar to level the gray scale with the instrument panel.
e. VID SEL toggle switch. Position this switch up to TADS when the display image is clear and distinct. The gray scale will disappear, and the selected symbology and video will appear.
f. SYM BRT rheostat. Adjust the symbology intensity.
g. Infinity focus check. Close and open your eyes several times while viewing distant objects to ensure that you are focusing at infinity. Neither imagery nor symbology should appear blurred.
3. If one or both of the IHADSS video adjustments cannot be made, determine if mission requirements can be met.
4. Record any discrepancies on DA Form 2408-13 (Aircraft Inspection and Maintenance Record).
REFERENCES:
TC 1-204
TM 55-1520-238-10
TM 55-1520-238-CL
TASK 1105
TASK: Perform IHADSS operations.
CONDITIONS: In an AH-64 helicopter or an AH64CMS with IHADSS boresighting and IHADSS video adjustments completed.
STANDARDS:
1. Correctly place the system into operation.
2. Select the appropriate mode of operation.
3. Correctly use the cueing functions.
4. Correctly perform the desired mode of operation.
5. Correctly perform crew coordination actions.
DESCRIPTION:
1. The IHADSS enables the crew to effect target handover from one crew member to the other. Either crew member can accomplish target acquisition following the cueing dots, or the CPG can accomplish it by slaving the TADS to the PLT's line of sight.
2. When either crew member designates a target for acquisition, he will announce "Pilot (or copilot-gunner) target" and briefly describe the target; for example, "Gunner target, BMP." The opposite crew member will quickly acquire the target and as soon as possible after acquiring it, will announce "Tally." If he does not acquire the target, he will announce "No joy." It is especially critical that the P relieve the P* of the target acquisition as soon as possible.
3. IHADSS operations are described below.
a. PLT SIGHT SEL.
(1) HMD. In the HMD mode, the PNVS is stowed and only the selected symbology is displayed.
(2) NVS. This mode enables the NVS switch on the collective (PNVS or TADS). The selected symbology and sensor are displayed and slaved to the IHADSS LOS.
(3) STBY. When the PLT SIGHT SEL control is in the STBY position, the PNVS is stowed, selected symbology is displayed, and IHADSS LOS data is not provided to the FCC.
b. PLT ACQ SEL.
(1) CPG. This position gives the PLT the CPG's selected sight LOS reference.
(2) NVS FXD. This is not a cueing position. It is used to slave the PNVS fixed forward.
c. CPG SIGHT SEL.
(1) HMD. In this mode, the TADS is stowed and only the selected symbology is displayed.
(2) HMD/TADS. In this mode, the TADS is operational and slaved to the IHADSS LOS. If the IHADSS LOS is detected as invalid, the TADS will freeze until valid IHADSS LOS data are obtained. To unslave the TADS for manual control, depress the SLAVE push button on the ORT RHG. The TADS will uncouple from the IHADSS LOS, and the MAN TKR thumb force controller is enabled to control the TADS. However, the FCC will continue to use IHADSS LOS data. Both symbology and video are displayed.
NOTE: When the CPG selects the HMD or HMD/TADS mode initially, the selected ACQ SEL source will automatically provide cueing without further action by the CPG.
(3) NVS. In the NVS mode, the TADS FLIR WFOV is displayed with flight symbology slaved to the IHADSS LOS. All TADS ORT controls are disabled in this mode except LVL, GAIN, GS, ACM, SYM BRT, DSPL BRT, DSPL CONT, AND BRT, FLIR PLRT, VID RCD, and HDD. If the PLT/GND ORIDE switch is on ORIDE, the NVS switch on the collective is enabled (PNVS or TADS) and the head tracker symbology references the CPG IHADSS LOS. The ACQ switch is disabled in the NVS mode.
NOTE: If the IHADSS BRSIT switch is on, the BRU LOS, rather than the IHADSS LOS, will be sent to the FCC for the PLT or the CPG.
d. CPG ACQ SEL.
(1) TGT--TGT/NAV indexer address LOS reference.
(2) FXD--fixed forward LOS reference.
(3) PHS--pilot helmet sight LOS reference.
(4) TADS--no cueing present.
(5) MSL/SKR--tracking missile seeker LOS reference.
(6) GHS--gunner's helmet sight LOS reference.
(7) NAV--TGT/NAV indexer address LOS reference.
NOTE 1: For all subsequent changes in the ACQ SEL switch following the initial setup, the SLAVE push button (ORT RHG) must be depressed to provide cueing to the new source. In the HMD/TADS mode, the TADS will unslave from the CPG IHADSS LOS when the ACQ SEL switch is changed to a new cueing source. When the SLAVE push button is depressed, the TADS will again slave to the CPG IHADSS LOS and cueing will be provided to the new ACQ SEL source. The PLT, however, merely selects CPG on his ACQ SEL switch to receive cueing.
NOTE 2: When cueing is selected, one cueing dot (azimuth or elevation) or two cueing dots (azimuth and elevation) will appear at the end of the LOS reticle segments. These cueing dots indicate the direction in which you must turn your head to be aligned with the referenced LOS. As the referenced LOS comes into the display FOV, the cued LOS reticle (dashed reticle) will appear on the HDU. This reticle represents the LOS of the se-lected source. As the HDU LOS comes within 4 degrees of the cued LOS reticle, the cueing dots will disappear.
REFERENCES:
TM 55-1520-238-10
TM 55-1520-238-CL
TASK 1106
TASK: Perform data entry procedures.
CONDITIONS: In an AH-64 helicopter, an AH64CMS, or a CWEPT and given TM 55-1520-238-CL.
STANDARDS: Correctly enter and retrieve information via the DEK.
DESCRIPTION: Enter SP 1 information, target location, laser codes, and range data into the DEK. Interrogate the FD/LS as required.
1. Enter SP 1 information as outlined in TM 55-1520-238-10. To identify the FCC software configuration, place the DEK mode select control to SP 1. Enter the letter C. The FCC software code number will appear in the center top field of the display. The last two digits to the right of the hyphen indicate the FCC software program; for example, 7-1D9200001-45.
2. Enter way point and target coordinates as outlined in TM 55-1520-238-10.
3. To enter laser code data, position the DEK selector switch to CODE. All symbology will disappear, and the laser code address menu will be displayed. The video, if selected, will remain displayed. The data displayed on the menu consists of eight addresses, A through H, in two columns. Laser codes are located to the right of each address letter. A flashing cursor will appear in the upper left corner of the menu display. Enter the letter of the desired address on the DEK. The cursor will move to the first position of the elected address. Enter the desired code. After the last digit is entered, the cursor will move to the upper left corner of the display. The first digit must be a 1 or a 2. The rest of the digits must be 1 through 8.
4. To enter range data via the DEK, position the mode select control to RNG. For manual range inputs equal to or greater than 10,000 meters, directly enter the range. On completion, the data will automatically be entered in the FCC. For range input between 1 meter and 9,999 meters, enter the digit(s) followed by any SHIFT key and then the ENTER key. The range will be entered in the FCC. To activate autoranging, position the mode select control to RNG. Enter a zero. The FCC uses flat earth trigonometry based on radar altitude (minimum 33 feet) and the selected sight depression angle (minimum 1 degree below the HARS horizon) for autoranging. If the autoranging constraints are not met, the FCC defaults to 10 kilometers. In all cases, the FCC will display the last valid range data received or computed until superseded by a new range.
5. To operate the fault detection and location system, follow the instructions in TM 55-1520-238-10.
REFERENCES:
TM 55-1520-238-10
TM 55-1520-238-CL
TASK 1107
TASK: Perform aircraft position update function procedures.
CONDITIONS: In an AH-64 helicopter, an AH64CMS, or a CWEPT.
STANDARDS:
1. Correctly determine aircraft position.
2. Correctly update aircraft position as required.
DESCRIPTION: To determine the aircraft present position and navigation system error relative to a known coordinate location, rotate the DEK mode select control to TGT. Use the ENTER or SPACE key to select the page containing the target location. Enter the UTM coordinates and altitude (MSL) of the update location. Place the TGT/NAV indexers to the number corresponding to the target address of the update location. Place the reticle of the selected sight (TADS or HMD) on the feature or object used as the update location. Enter the range from the aircraft to the update location using the laser range, autorange, or manual range. While tracking the feature or object at the update location, momentarily position the UPDT/ST switch (ORT LHG) outboard to UPDT. The aircraft present position and navigation system error are automatically calculated. These calculations are based on the update location coordinate data, selected sight pitch and yaw angles relative to the HARS horizon, and the range information. After updating the aircraft present position, display the position by selecting SP 1 on the DEK and entering the letter U. The updated present position is stored in the FCC for display only; it is not automatically sent to the doppler navigation system. Update the doppler navigation system if desired.
NOTE: This task should be accomplished at a hover for maximum accuracy. If the procedure is done while the aircraft is moving, it will be necessary to freeze the doppler present position display while simultaneously actuating the UPDT switch.
REFERENCE:
TASK 1108
TASK: Perform target store procedures.
CONDITIONS: In an AH-64 helicopter, an AH64CMS, or a CWEPT.
STANDARDS:
1. Correctly store the desired target in the FCC.
2. Correctly recall stored target information.
DESCRIPTION:
1. To store the coordinate data using the TADS UPDT/ST switch, select an FCC storage location on the TGT/NAV indexer. Place the reticle of the selected sight on the geographic feature or object, and enter the range from the aircraft to the target. Use laser range, autorange, or manual range. Momentarily position the UPDT/ST switch to ST.
2. To recall the coordinate data, rotate the DEK mode select control to TGT. Enter Rn (where n equals the coordinate data storage address). The display will show the range and bearing to the coordinate data from the aircraft.
REFERENCE:
TASK 1119
TASK: Perform firing position operations.
CONDITIONS: In an AH-64 helicopter, an AH64CMS, or a CWEPT and in a training or tactical environment.
STANDARDS:
1. Correctly select the firing position.
2. Correctly enter the firing position.
3. Correctly engage the target.
4. Correctly exit the firing position.
5. Correctly perform crew coordination actions.
DESCRIPTION:
1. The P* will remain focused outside the aircraft to provide clearing and to maintain aircraft orientation toward the target. He will announce any maneuver or movement prior to execution.
2. The CPG will direct the P* to reposition the aircraft to maintain visual reference on the target by announcing "Slide right," "Slide left," "Come up," or "Come down." If visual contact can be maintained, he will announce "Hold."
3. The crew also will perform the crew coordination actions outlined for confined area operations (Task 1031) and for masking and unmasking (Task 1090).
4. The crew will enter the firing position, engage the target, leave the firing position without being detected, and reposition the aircraft to an alternate firing position. They should base their selection of the firing position on the following considerations:
a. Background. The background should prevent silhouetting of the aircraft.
b. Range. The kill zone should be within the last one-third of the weapon range.
c. Target altitude. The firing position should be level with or higher than the target area, if possible.
d. Sun or full moon. The sun or a full moon should be behind or to the side of the aircraft.
e. Shadow. When possible, the firing position should be in an area covered by shadow.
f. Concealment. Vegetation surrounding the firing position should allow the crew to keep the aircraft masked.
g. Rotor wash. The location of the firing position should reduce the effect of rotor wash on the surrounding terrain such as debris, trees, snow, and dust.
h. Maneuver area. The area surrounding the firing position should permit easy ingress and egress.
i. Field of fire. The target should be visible throughout the kill zone.
NOTE 1: Live fire is not required to complete this task.
NOTE 2: Hover OGE power is required for firing position operations.
NOTE 3: When operating in the "caution" and "avoid" areas shown in TM 55-1520-238-10, Chapter 9, the crew should analyze the firing position for the availability of forced landing areas. The crew must decide if they can attain single-engine airspeed; if not, they should land at the selected forced landing area.
REFERENCES:
FM 1-112
FM 1-116
Task 1031
Task 1090
TM 55-1520-238-10
TASK 1140
TASK: Engage target with Hellfire.
CONDITIONS: In an AH-64 helicopter on an approved range, in an AH64CMS, or in a CWEPT with weapons initialization procedures (Task 1143) completed.
STANDARDS:
1. Correctly select the appropriate missile delivery mode (LOBL or LOAL).
2. Correctly select the appropriate designation techniques (autonomous or remote).
3. Correctly select the proper firing mode (normal, rapid, or ripple).
4. Correctly engage targets with the Hellfire based on missile operational parameters and the tactical situation.
5. Correctly perform crew coordination actions.
DESCRIPTION:
1. CPG Hellfire Missile Engagements.
a. The CPG will announce when he is ready to engage. He will announce which side the missile will be launched from, whether it is a single target or multiple targets, and each missile firing. The CPG also will announce when the engagement is completed.
b. The P* will acknowledge that the CPG is ready to engage and will announce when he remasks or repositions the aircraft.
c. The CPG will use the following procedures:
(1) Select the desired fire delivery mode (NORM, RIPL, or MAN) using the MODE switch on the MSL panel. In all fire delivery modes, only the priority channel missiles can be fired. In the NORM mode, the RHE automatically select, spin-up, and encode missiles according to the CPG's FCP, UPR CHAN, and LWR CHAN indexers. In the RIPL mode, the RHE perform the same functions as in the NORM mode but automatically reverse the priority and alternate missile channels after each missile firing. The prerequisites for the RIPL mode are that both the UPR CHAN and LWR CHAN have missiles loaded and have different codes. If theserequirements are not met, the missile system automatically defaults to the NORM mode even though the RIPL mode is selected. In the MAN mode, the RHE perform the same functions as in the NORM mode except that the MAN ADV/DEICE push button is enabled. This allows the CPG to manually select a specific missile for firing or initiate the separation of the ice protection dome.
(2) Rotate the LOAL switch to the desired missile delivery mode on the MSL panel. LOBL may be manually or automatically selected. Manual selection is accomplished by positioning the LOAL switch to OFF. Automatic selection occurs when a priority channel missile acquires and locks onto a properly coded laser energy return before missile launch. The automatic function occurs without regard to the LOAL switch position. Additionally, the LOAL switch is read directly by the RHE. Therefore, initial switch settings and subsequent changes to settings occur without CHAN SEL switch action.
(3) Use the CHAN SEL switch to designate the priority channel (UPR or LWR). Alternate channel missiles cannot be fired; they are maintained in a ready (R) or tracking (T) status only. When the CHAN SEL switch is initially actuated to pri-oritize a channel, the RHE automatically code the next missile(s) to fire in sequence with the priority channel laser code. The priority channel is always loaded first (up to the quantity selected). Next, the alternate channel is loaded up to the quantity selected. Once missiles are loaded with the alternate channel code, the RHE will not rob missiles from that channel to automatically replenish a priority channel. If the CHAN SEL switch is not actuated to prioritize a channel, the message MSL SEL? will be displayed in the HAD and AND weapons status section until missiles are selected.
(4) Position the LRF/D CCM switch as desired. This switch allows the LRF/D system to be used with integrity when laser backscatter or other obscurations are present. With the switch in the OFF position, the first laser return from the scene of interest determines the range the FCC uses to compute ballistic equations. With the switch in the CCM position, the FCC uses the last laser return. If either crew member observes unrealistic changes in the laser range being displayed (for example, range changes that cannot be reasonably attributed to aircraft or target movement), the CCM position should be selected.
(5) Select the missile system by positioning the WAS (ORT LHG) inboard to MSL. This causes the pylons to articulate into position in response to the appropriate line of sight. If the PLT had previously selected the rocket system, the message CPGMSL will replace ROCKETS in the HAD weapons status section.
(6) The appropriate missile constraints box symbology will be displayed to both the PLT and CPG, indicating the direction to steer the helicopter to meet launch constraints. LOBL constraints are ±20 degrees of the selected LOS until a priority channel missile locks on and begins tracking. At this time, the missile seeker LOS becomes the LOS reference. LOAL DIR symbology constraints are ±7.5 degrees of the selected LOS. LOAL LO/HI symbology constraints are ±7.5 degrees of the FCC-computed LOS to the coordinate data selected on the TGT/NAV indexer. When constraints are met, the box changes from dashed to solid lines. The PLT should center the constraints box along the referenced LOS to increase the hit probability of the missile.
(7) The AND enhancement display section indicates the laser code address assigned to each channel and which is the priority channel. A question mark in one or both channels indicates that no missile is loaded or ready in that channel. The 4x4 section of the AND indicates which missiles are inventoried (L), selected (S), coded (A through H), ready (R), tracking (T), and next to be launched (LOBL--flashing T, LOAL--flashing R).
(8) If both missile channels are tracking laser energy on the proper codes, the message 2 CHANLS . . . TRACKING will be displayed in the CPG HAD and AND weapons status section. If only the priority channel is tracking laser energy, the message PRI CHAN . . . TRACKING will be displayed. In both instances, the priority channel missile is tracking laser energy and, consequently, the missile delivery mode automatically reverts to LOBL. If the alternate missile channel is tracking laser energy, the message ALT CHAN . . . TRACKING will be displayed. However, alternate channel missiles cannot be fired even when they are tracking. If neither channel is tracking, the missile delivery and fire mode will be displayed in the CPG HAD and AND weapons status section (for example, LOBL NORM, DIR RIPL, and LO NORM).
(9) For autonomous missile engagement, track the target with the TADS. Use the NFOV or ZFOV of the selected sensor as desired. Designate the target by pulling the LRF/D trigger (ORT RHG) to the second detent. (The first detent is for laser ranging only. It cannot be used for designation.) The priority channel missile seekers will attempt to look toward the TADS LOS when the LRF/D is being fired on the same code as the priority channel missiles. When the priority channel missile seekers acquire and lock onto the reflected laser energy from the target, the HAD and AND weapons status section message will change to PRI CHAN . . . TRACKING. The 4x4s will indicate missiles tracking (T) and the next missile to be fired (flashing T). For LOAL autonomous missile engagements, lasing the target prior to missile launch may be undesirable. Provide range to thetarget using manual, automatic, or TGT/NAV ranging. The FCC will calculate the missile TOF based on the range in the HAD.
(10) For remote missile engagements, coordinate with the remote designator to ensure that the maximum offset angles, safety zone, laser code, and laser-on time requirements can be met. Prioritize the appropriate missile channel for the remote designator. LOBL and LOAL considerations are the same as for autonomous missile launches.
(11) To launch a missile, lift the protective cover over the ORT LHG trigger switch and pull the trigger to the first detent. (During LOBL engagements, pulling the trigger to the second detent will not launch the missile if the missile seeker is not locked onto the laser energy.) The RHE initiate the launch sequence for the priority channel missile to be launched. If the priority channel missile code and the LRF/D code are the same, the FCC determines that this is an autonomous missile launch. It then displays all messages for that launch (MSL LNCH, FIRE . . . MISSILES, LASE X . . . TARGET, and TOF = XX) in the weapons status section of the HAD and AND. If the LSR switch is off, the LRF/D code and the priority channel code are different, or the TADS is not the selected LOS, the FCC assumes a remote engagement. All messages for this engagement are then displayed in the sight status section of the HAD and AND. If the priority channel missile, alternate channel missile, and LRF/D laser codes are all different, the FCC assumes a double remote engagement (RIPL mode). It then alternates the missile launch messages between the weapons status section and the sight status section, beginning with the weapons status section. This will continue until RIPL mode requirements can no longer be met. The system then defaults to the normal mode.
(12) If the launch sequence fails, the AND status and inventory section for that missile will show missile abort (M over A). This indicates that the launch sequence was initiated and either the battery or the missile pneumatics failed and no motor fire signal was initiated. If the launch status is go, the message MSL LNCH will be displayed for two seconds in the HAD and AND weapons status section (autonomous) or sight status section (remote). (If the selected missile is a training missile, the message SIM LNCH will be displayed.) If missile umbilical separation occurs at or before the predicted time (approximately one and a half seconds), the launch message will be replaced by TOF = XX. This message shows the TOF from launch until impact based on the range displayed in the HAD. The TOF is initialized at launch, decreasing toward zero. At the same time, the missile status and inventory for that missile will disappear.
(13) If missile umbilical separation does not occur within the predicted time, the RHE will indicate a hang fire. The message HANGFIRE will be displayed in the HAD and AND weapons status section for six seconds. The AND missile status and inventory section will display M over H for six seconds. It then changes to N over A (not available). All missiles on the same side of the helicopter as the hang-firing missile will also show N over A for six seconds. They then revert to their previous status. (During the six seconds, these missiles cannot be launched.) A missile on the side of the helicopter opposite the hang-firing missile is then selected by the RHE. It will be designated the next missile to be launched and is coded on the priority channel. After six seconds, the RHE again select missiles for launch based on the preferred firing order.
(a) Rapid fire. Rapid fire is multiple missiles with the same laser code in flight simultaneously; it is used to service multiple targets quickly. Rapid fire engagements may be employed for autonomous or remote engagements and for LOBL or LOAL engagements. If the priority channel is loaded with two or more missiles, the FCC prompts the CPG to launch the next missile after eight seconds have elapsed. It replaces the message TOF = XX with FIRE . . . MISSILES for two seconds. The TOF then counts down until reaching minimum terminal guidance lase time. At that time, the TOF is replaced by the message LASE 1 . . . TARGET until the TOF reaches zero. The TOF for the second missile will then be displayed. The message FIRE . . . MISSILES will again be displayed to prompt the CPG that he may launch a third missile once the minimum launch separation time has elapsed. The TOF for the second missile will count down until terminal guidance lase time is reached. The message TOF = XX will be replaced by LASE 2 . . . TARGET until the TOF for the second missile reaches zero. If a third missile is launched, the TOF for that missile will be displayed, followed by the message LASE 3 . . . TARGET. After the last LASE X . . . TARGET message, the missile delivery mode (LOBL, DIR, LO, or HI) and the fire delivery mode (NORM, RIPL, or MAN) will be displayed. During rapid fire engagements, the RHE will automatically replenish (select, spin up, and encode missiles) the priority channel until the inventory is exhausted. It will also save a minimum of one missile or a maximum of three missiles on the alternate missile channel code.
(b) Ripple fire. Ripple fire is multiple missiles with two separate laser codes in flight simultaneously. Ripple fire engagements require two laser designators. Ripple fire is employed during autonomous and remote or double-remote missions using LOBL, LOAL, or some combination thereof. As with any remote Hellfire engagement, close coordination with the remote designator (air or ground) is required. This coordinationmust ensure that the laser offset angle, designator safety zone, laser code, and laser-on time requirements are met. Ripple fire engagements can be accomplished automatically (MODE RIPL) or manually (MODE NORM, CHAN SEL UPR, or CHAN SEL LWR as required). In both automatic and manual ripple fire engagements, prioritization of the initial missile channel (UPR or LWR) is vitally important. In the automatic mode, the priority and alternate missile channels are automatically reversed following each missile launch without CPG action. Missile messages are displayed in both the sight and weapons status sections of the HAD and AND. The CPG is alerted to the current priority channel and the next missile to be launched only in the HDD via the AND. Automatic missile replenishment occurs via the normal protocol in the RHE until the inventory is exhausted. When the RIPL requirements can no longer be met, the missile system automatically defaults to the NORM mode. During manual ripple fire, the CHAN SEL switch is actuated following each missile launch to reverse the priority and alternate missile channels. The major difference in manual ripple fire executed via the CHAN SEL switch is that the messages for the launched missile(s) in the sight and weapons status sections are lost when the CPG selects the new priority channel (UPR or LWR). No problem may exist if the initial missile is launched for a remote designator. However, loss of autonomous missile messages during missile flight will eliminate needed CPG prompts and TOF data. Manual prioritization reinforces CPG awareness of the laser code on the next missile to be launched. The AND provides the same data as in automatic ripple fire.
NOTE: The CPG may deselect the missile system by placing the WAS (ORT LHG) to the center position. The missile messages will disappear. However, the AND 4x4s will continue to provide missile status and inventory data as long as the MSL switch remains on.
2. Pilot Hellfire Missile Engagements.
a. The P* will announce when he is ready to engage and whether it is a single firing or multiple firings. He also will announce when the engagement is completed.
b. The CPG will acknowledge when the P* is ready to engage. If the CPG is not designating, he will provide warning to avoid obstacles detected near the aircraft.
c. The PLT will use the following procedures:
(1) Activate the missile system by momentarily placing the cyclic WAS to the missile (M) position. When the PLT activates the missiles, the RHE ignore the CPG's MODE switch andautomatically set the fire delivery mode to NORM. Select the desired missile delivery mode (LOBL, DIR, LO, or HI) on the MSL panel LOAL switch (OFF, DIR, LO, or HI). The automatic LOBL functions the same as with the CPG. All messages in the weapons status section (for example, 2 CHANLS . . . TRACKING, PRI CHAN . . . TRACKING, and ALT CHAN . . . TRACKING) are identical to those shown in 1c(8) above.
NOTE: The PLT has ultimate missile system action authority. He can override missiles or rockets previously activated by the CPG.
(2) The PLT cannot select the fire delivery mode, the missile type, or upper and lower missile channel codes or quantities. The RHE use the CPG selections for these functions. The PLT can only prioritize a missile channel via the LSR CODE switch (UPR or LWR). The HAD sight status section displays the laser codes (UP = A, LO = B). If no missiles are coded and ready (R) in one or both of the channels, a question mark will be displayed in lieu of the appropriate laser code. Once the PLT prioritizes a missile channel, the corresponding missile channel laser code in the HAD sight status section flashes to alert the PLT to the priority missile channel.
(3) The appropriate missile constraints box is displayed to the PLT only, indicating the direction in which to steer the helicopter to bring it into launch constraints. For all PLT missile engagements, the PLT's IHADSS is the LOS until the priority channel missile seekers acquire and lock onto coded laser energy. At this time, the seeker LOS becomes the sight line. The PLT aligns the helicopter with the target. Once launch constraints are met, the dashed box will go solid, indicating that the missile may be launched. LOBL constraints are ±20 degrees; LOAL constraints are ±7.5 degrees.
(4) To launch a missile, lift the protective cover over the cyclic trigger switch and pull the trigger to the first detent. The RHE initiate the launch sequence for the selected missile. If the missile is a go, the message MSL LNCH is displayed for two seconds in the HAD weapons status section. (For a training missile, the message SIM LNCH is displayed.) If missile umbilical separation occurs at or before the predicted time (approximately one and a half seconds), the message MSL LNCH will be replaced by TOF = XX. This message shows the TOF from launch until impact based on sea level, standard day conditions. The TOF is based on the range displayed in the PLT's HAD. The PLT selects the range via the ARCP RNG-KM thumb wheels. The TOF is initialized at launch, decreasing toward zero. If the missile umbilical separation does not occur at the predicted time, the RHE will indicate a hang fire. The message HANGFIRE will be displayed in the weapons status section for six seconds. Missileson the same side of the helicopter as the hang-firing missile are inhibited from firing during these six seconds.
(5) The PLT may perform remote rapid fire engagements. However, the CPG must have a priority missile channel QTY indexer value of 2 or 3 selected, spun up, and encoded. When these as well as minimum launch separation requirements (two seconds) are met, the message FIRE . . . MISSILES is displayed for two seconds. This prompts the PLT to launch the next missile. The TOF for the first missile will count down until the computed minimum terminal guidance lase time is reached. Then the message LASE 1 . . . TARGET will be displayed until the TOF for the first missile reaches zero. If a second missile is launched during the flight of the first missile, the TOF for the second missile will be displayed. During terminal guidance of the second missile, the message LASE 2 . . . TARGET will be displayed.
(6) Only manual ripple fire missile engagements may be accomplished by the PLT. These engagements require two remote designators (air and ground), one coded identically to each of the CPG's selected UPR or LWR channel laser codes. Additionally, the previously displayed missile messages (MSL LNCH, TOF = XX, FIRE . . . MISSILES, and LASE X . . . TARGET) disappear each time the PLT reprioritizes the missile channel via the LSR code switch.
(7) To deselect the missile system, position the WAS on the cyclic to missiles (M), gun (G), or rockets (R). The missile symbology will disappear.
NOTE 1: The missile system takes priority over the rocket system. Consequently, when one crew member has activated rockets and the other crew member activates missiles, the FCC will cease rocket operations and activate the missiles.
NOTE 2: The FCC gives PLT-activated missiles the highest weapons priority if the CPG becomes incapacitated.
REFERENCES:
TASK 1141
TASK: Engage target with the ARCS.
CONDITIONS: In an AH-64 helicopter on an approved range, in an AH64CMS, or in a CWEPT with weapons initialization procedures (Task 1143) completed.
STANDARDS:
1. Correctly place the system into operation.
2. Correctly engage the target.
3. Correctly perform crew coordination actions.
DESCRIPTION:
1. Independent Rocket Engagements.
a. The P* or P will announce the independent engagement, when he is ready to engage, and when the engagement is completed. He will confirm appropriate actions by the other crew member in the HAD and AND.
b. The crew member not engaging will monitor the aircraft position to provide adequate warning for obstacle avoidance.
(1) To engage targets with the ARCS in the independent mode, the PLT or CPG will arm the appropriate FCP and position the RKT switch to NORM. (The PLT's FCP must be on SAFE or ARM. The PLT or CPG then selects and arms a zone via the ZONE SEL push buttons on the ARCP. Additionally, he must select the quantity of rockets to be fired.) The PLT or CPG will momentarily position the cyclic WAS to rockets (R). The FCC must have LOS and range data to employ the ARCS. The PLT or CPG will select a sight via the SIGHT SEL switch. The FCC will use the range data from the station in which the rockets were activated. The FCC limits the fire control solution to a maximum range of 7,000 meters (MK-40) and 9,000 meters (MK-66). PLT manual or automatic range selection is accomplished through the ARCP RNG-KM thumb wheels. The PLT default range is 3 kilometers. CPG manual or automatic range selection is accomplished through the DEK (see Task 1106). The TGT/NAV range is determined by the FCC based on the TGT/NAV indexer coordinate location. The CPG must select TGT or NAV on the ACQ SEL switch. Laser range is provided by the LRF/D; the SIGHT SEL switch must be in either TADS or HMD/TADS. The CPG default range is 2 kilometers.
(2) The crew member who activated the rockets must acquire and track the target with the selected sight while maintaining the LOS reticle on the target. When the CPG positions the WAS to rockets (R), all displays show the rocket steering cursor. The solid I-beam symbol indicates that the rocket pylons will articulate +4.9 to -15 degrees under control of the FCC. Articulation constraints are indicated by the top and bottom horizontal legs of the rocket steering cursor. The solid I-beam also indicates the helicopter orientation required to meet the FCC-calculated firing constraints. During hover fire, the P* aligns the helicopter into firing constraints by stepping on the I-beam. During running fire, the P* aligns the helicopter into firing constraints with the cyclic while maintaining aircraft trim. Firing constraints are met when the rocket steering cursor overlays the LOS reticle. The top and bottom horizontal legs of the solid I-beam must be above and below the center of the LOS reticle respectively. Hover-fire engagements can be accomplished to approximately 4,500 meters without changing aircraft pitch attitude. At ranges beyond 4,500 meters, pitch attitude changes (nose-up) may have to be made to meet firing constraints.
(3) To fire the rockets, lift the protective cover over the cyclic trigger and pull the trigger to the first detent. The selected number of rockets will fire. If a zone is not armed when the rockets are activated, the message ZONE? is displayed in the AND and HAD weapons status section. If the trigger is released before the selected quantity is fired, firing stops and the ARCS resets for the next salvo. The message ROCKETS in the HAD weapons status section is replaced by a decreasing time of flight (TOF = XX). The crew member who activated the rocket initializes the TOF based on the range in his HAD. As rockets are fired, the QTY REM indicator on the PLT's ARCP will count down to continually indicate the rocket inventory. If the rockets will not fire with the first trigger detent, pull the trigger to the second detent. This will override performance inhibits but not safety inhibits. Release the trigger when the target is neutralized or the selected quantity has been fired. To deselect the ARCS, select another weapon system or reselect the rockets (R) using the cyclic WAS. In either case, the rocket symbology will disappear.
2. Cooperative Rocket Engagements.
a. The PLT or CPG will announce the cooperative engagement. The other crew member will acknowledge the announcement of the cooperative engagement. The crew will determine the type and quantity of rockets and the fuse setting for the target.
b. The CPG will position the TADS LOS on the target. He will announce whether he is using the HDD or the HOD and when heis ready to engage. He will confirm appropriate actions by the P* in the AND and HAD.
c. The P* will position the aircraft into constraints and will announce when he is ready to engage. He will confirm appropriate actions by the CPG in the HAD.
(1) The cooperative mode provides the greatest precision in rocket delivery. Position the CPG's SIGHT SEL switch to TADS to obtain the most accurate sight. The FCC will use the CPG-selected LOS and range data in the fire solution and will disregard the PLT LOS and range data. This allows the P* to look where necessary without impacting on the firing solution. During direct-fire engagements (LOS established with the target), laser range should be used. During indirect rocket engagements (aircraft masked from the target), the use of laser range is not possible. Therefore, manual or navigation range should be used.
NOTE 1: The message RKT-F-S will be displayed to the CPG in the HAD regardless of airspeed when the SIGHT SEL switch is in STBY.
NOTE 2: The LRF/D CCM switch allows use of the LRF/D system with integrity when laser backscatter or other obscurations are present. With the switch in the OFF position, the first laser return from the scene of interest determines the range the FCC uses to compute ballistic equations. With the switch in the CCM position, the FCC uses the last laser return. When a crew member observes unrealistic changes in the laser range being displayed (for example, range changes that cannot be reasonably attributed to aircraft or target movement), the CCM position should be selected.
(2) To engage targets, both the PLT and CPG must select the rocket system by placing the RKT switch to NORM. The PLT selects and arms a zone via the ZONE SEL push buttons on the ARCP. If a zone is not armed when the rockets are activated, the message ZONE? is displayed in the HAD weapons status section. The PLT selects the quantity of rockets to be fired via the QTY thumb wheel on the ARCP. The PLT activates the rockets by momentarily positioning the cyclic WAS to rockets (R). The CPG activates rockets by positioning the ORT WAS to rockets (R). The FCC interprets this dual rocket action as cooperative rockets.
(3) When the cooperative mode is selected, the rocket steering cursor is displayed to both crew members. The solid I-beam symbol indicates that the rocket system is in an articulation mode under control of the FCC. It also indicates the helicopter orientation required to meet the FCC-calculated firing constraints. During hover fire, the P* aligns the helicopter into firing constraints by stepping on the I-beam. During running fire, the P* aligns the helicopter into firing constraints with the cyclic while maintaining aircraft trim. Firing constraints are met when the rocket steering cursor overlays the LOS reticle. The top and bottom horizontal legs of the solid I-beam must be above and below the center of the LOS reticle respectively.
(4) The P* maneuvers the aircraft to meet launch constraints and fires the rockets using the cyclic trigger. However, the CPG may also fire the rockets by using his ORT WPN TRIG. (The second detent overrides performance inhibits but not safety inhibits.) The CPG deselects the rockets by placing the ORT WAS to the center position. The PLT deselects the rockets by reselecting the rockets on the cyclic WAS. The rocket symbology will disappear.
NOTE: During a cooperative engagement, both crew members should monitor the aircraft position to provide adequate warning for obstacle avoidance.
3. Fixed-Rocket Engagements.
a. The PLT or CPG will announce the fixed-rocket engagement. The other crew member will acknowledge the announcement of the fixed-rocket engagement. The crew will determine the type and quantity of rockets and the fuse setting for the target.
b. The P will verify appropriate actions by the P* in the HAD and will provide adequate warning for avoiding obstacles detected in the flight path. He also will announce when his attention is focused inside the cockpit.
c. The P* will position the aircraft into constraints and verify switchology in the HAD. He also will announce when he is ready to engage.
(1) A fixed-rocket engagement is conducted when the aircraft is traveling at 100 KTAS or greater. At or above 100 KTAS, the pylons articulate to and remain at the flight stow position (+4 degrees). Independent and cooperative engagements may be conducted in the fixed mode. The rocket steering cursor in the fixed mode is a broken I-beam symbol with an opening in the center. For fixed-rocket engagements, the P* will maneuver the aircraft into firing constraints with the cyclic while maintaining aircraft trim. Firing constraints in the fixed mode include both yaw and pitch corrections. To meet firing constraints, align the opening of the vertical bar in the fixed-rocket steering cursor with the center of the LOS reticle. The message ROCKETS in the HAD weapons status section is replaced by RKT-F-S.
(2) The GND STOW position is not an operational firing position because the FCC provides no ballistic solution for ground stow. The GND STOW position is used to manually place the pylons in the ground stow position (-5 degrees). This also occurs automatically when the squat switch indicates that the aircraft is on the ground. With the RKT switch in the GND STOW position and the rocket system activated, the message ROCKETS in the HAD weapons status section changes to RKT-G-S. The fixed-rocket steering cursor is also displayed. To engage targets in the fixed mode, the RKT switch must be in the NORM position and the aircraft must be traveling at 100 KTAS or greater.
REFERENCES:
Task 1106
Task 1143
TM 55-1520-238-10
TASK 1142
TASK: Engage target with the AWS.
CONDITIONS: In an AH-64 helicopter on an approved range, in an AH64CMS, or in a CWEPT with weapons initialization procedures (Task 1143) completed.
STANDARDS:
1. Correctly place the system into operation.
2. Correctly engage the target by using the appropriate mode (normal or fixed).
3. Correctly perform crew coordination actions.
DESCRIPTION:
1. Normal Gun Engagements. The P* or P will announce the gun engagement, when he is ready to engage, and when the engagement is completed. He will confirm appropriate actions by the other crew member in the HAD and AND. The crew member not engaging will monitor the aircraft position to provide adequate warning for obstacle avoidance.
a. General. To engage targets in the normal mode (PLT or CPG), arm the appropriate FCP and position the GUN switch to NORM. Select a sight via the SIGHT SEL switch. The PLT or CPG may activate the gun by momentarily placing the WAS on the cyclic forward to the gun (G) position. The CPG may also activate the gun by placing the ORT WAS forward to the gun (G) position. The FCC will use the range data displayed to the crew member activating the gun. The FCC limits the fire control solution to a maximum range of 4,500 meters. The PLT accomplishes manual or automatic range selection through the ARCP RNG-KM thumb wheels. The CPG accomplishes manual or automatic range selection through the DEK (see Task 1106). The FCC determines TGT/NAV range based on the TGT/NAV indexer coordinate location. This requires that the TADS be slaved to TGT/NAV on the ACQ SEL switch. Laser range is provided by the LRF/D; the SIGHT SEL switch must be in either TADS or HMD/TADS. The gun is fired by employing the weapons trigger associated with the actuated WAS (cyclic or ORT). The gun fires until the trigger is released, the burst limit is reached, the gun fails, or the ammunition supply is depleted. To deselect the gun, select another weapon system or momentarily reselect the gun if the cyclic WAS was used. If the ORT WAS was used, place the WAS in the center position. In either case, the gun messages will disappear and the gun will stow.
NOTE: The LRF/D CCM switch allows use of the LRF/D system with integrity when laser backscatter or other obscurations are present. With the switch in the OFF position, the first laser return from the scene of interest determines the range the FCC uses to compute ballistic equations. With the switch in the CCM position, the FCC uses the last laser return. When a crew member observes unrealistic changes in the laser range being displayed (for example, range changes that cannot be reasonably attributed to aircraft or target movement), the CCM position should be selected.
b. Direct. The LOS reticle is the aiming reticle for the AWS in the NORM mode. The crew member who activates the guns must acquire and track the target with the LOS reticle of the selected sight. When activated, the gun moves from the stow position to the command LOS as modified by the FCC super-elevation range correction. Each crew member has equal priority when activating the AWS. The last crew member to activate the gun controls it. The crew member controlling the gun will have the message RNDS # # # # in the HAD weapons status section. The number of rounds remaining will decrease as rounds are expended. The engagements are most accurate when the CPG activates the AWS on the ORT, uses TADS as the selected sight, and ranges the target with the LRF/D.
c. Indirect. The CPG may employ the AWS during indirect fire engagements (aircraft masked from the target). To do this, the target coordinate data must be manually entered in the DEK (see Task 1106) or automatically stored by a previous target store procedure (see Task 1108). The TADS can then be slaved to the target to provide LOS and navigation range data. Once the gun is activated, the FCC will position it in azimuth and elevation so that the rounds will impact at the target location. If the range in the HAD exceeds the maximum elevation of the gun or an azimuth limit, the message LIMITS will replace RNDS # # # # in the HAD.
2. Fixed-Gun Engagements. The P* or P will announce the fixed-gun engagement, when he is ready to engage, and when the engagement is completed. The crew member not engaging will monitor the aircraft position to provide adequate warning for obstacle avoidance.
a. To engage targets in the fixed mode, place the GUN switch to the FXD position. The gun will remain in the stowed position until activated using the WAS. When activated, the gun will relocate and remain at the fixed position (0 degrees azimuth and +6 degrees elevation). The cued LOS reticle (broken cross hair) is the aiming reticle for a fixed gun. It is displayedonly to the crew member who activated the gun and is visible when the sight is oriented forward.
WARNING When the selected sight is off-axis and the cued LOS reticle is not visible, the display does not indicate that the gun is in the FXD mode. Consequently, the crew member who activates the gun must be aware that he has selected GUN-FXD to prevent accidental firings. |
b. In the FXD mode, the FCC drives the cued LOS reticle in elevation based on the range data displayed to the crew member activating the gun. Therefore, the aircraft must be maneuvered to place the cued LOS reticle over the target.
NOTE: Automatic range with HMD LOS is not recommended in the FXD mode because of the dynamics in the displayed range and the resultant dynamics in the cued LOS aiming reticle.
c. Once the cued LOS reticle is positioned over the target and the range displayed is appropriate, the gun may be fired. The number of rounds remaining will be displayed in the HAD and will decrease as rounds are expended. The gun will fire until the trigger is released, the burst limit is reached, the gun fails, or the ammunition supply is depleted. To deselect the gun, select another weapon system or, if the cyclic WAS was used, momentarily reselect the gun. If the ORT WAS was actuated, place the WAS in the center position. In either case, the gun messages will disappear and the weapon will stow.
REFERENCES:
Task 1106
Task 1108
Task 1143
TM 55-1520-238-10
TASK 1143
TASK: Perform weapons initialization procedures.
CONDITIONS: In an AH-64 helicopter, an AH64CMS, or a CWEPT.
STANDARDS:
1. Correctly arm the fire control panels.
2. Correctly prepare the selected weapon system(s) for operation.
3. Correctly determine the status of desired weapon system(s).
4. Correctly perform crew coordination actions.
DESCRIPTION: The crew will accomplish weapon system initialization procedures. These procedures will determine the status and operation of each weapon system and permit firing of each system with minimal switch positioning. Crew members will announce when they have completed the procedures. They will record any discrepancies on DA Form 2408-13 (Aircraft Inspection and Maintenance Record). The crew will determine what effect a weapon system malfunction will have on the assigned mission. Weapons initialization procedures are as follows:
1. Master Switch. To activate the weapon systems, apply either SAFE or ARM power to the FCPs. However, the weapons can be fired only when ARM power is applied. The MASTER switch (OFF, SAFE, ARM) controls SAFE or ARM power to the PLT's FCP and the ARCP. The CPG switch (OFF, SAFE, ARM) controls SAFE or ARM power to the CPG's FCP. Under normal conditions (in flight with the PLT/GND ORIDE switch off), the PLT's MASTER switch establishes the highest status achievable on the PLT's and CPG's FCPs. For example, if the MASTER switch is positioned to SAFE, the PLT's green SAFE light illuminates. If the CPG switch is positioned to ARM, only the CPG's green SAFE light will illuminate.
2. PLT/GND ORIDE Switch. The PLT/GND ORIDE switch on the CPG's FCP overrides both the PLT's MASTER switch and the ground (squat switch) safety inhibit. With the PLT/GND ORIDE switch in the ORIDE position, the ground safety inhibit is eliminated and the master-slave relationship between the MASTER and CPG switches is reversed. Now the CPG switch establishes the highest status attainable by the PLT's MASTER switch.
3. Weapon Select Switches. Select the desired weapon systems (RKT, GUN, MSL, and LSR).
a. Rockets (ARCS). Position the rocket switch to NORM. (If the rocket system is a no-go, the ROCKET caution segment will illuminate.) The PLT must then prepare the ARCS for firing via the aerial rocket control panel. The PLT selects the warhead and fuse combinations loaded (up to five zones). He also selects the penetration and firing quantity desired and establishes the range (manual or automatic) via the RNG-KM thumb wheels. The zone inventory is displayed in the QTY REM section beneath the ZONE INVENTORY thumb wheel selectors. To arm a zone, the PLT pushes the ZONE SEL buttons. Once a zone is armed, all zones with like armament will also be armed. Any previously armed zone with dissimilar armament will be disarmed.
b. Gun (AWS). Position the gun switch to NORM. If the gun is a no-go, the GUN caution-warning segment will illuminate. Rounds on board are manually set via the rounds counter in the left-hand forward avionics bay following loading.
c. Missiles (Hellfire).
(1) MSL panel. Select the type of missiles loaded (LASER, RF/IR, IRIS). (Only LASER is currently available.) With SAFE or ARM power applied to the FCP and the MSL MODE switch in STBY, the missile system performs a BIT when the MSL switch is placed in the ON position. The BIT sequence checks the RHE (0.8 second), missile launchers (8.0 seconds for four launchers), and each missile (32.0 seconds for a set of four). During this time, the message BIT IN . . . PROGRESS will be displayed in the CPG's HAD and AND weapons status section. To bypass or terminate the BIT, place the MODE switch in the desired fire delivery mode (NORM, RIPL, or MAN). With the BIT bypassed, only the RHE status is checked by a continuous FD/LS. The STBY position is not an operational fire delivery mode, and the CHAN SEL switch is inoperative in this position. The AND will display the missile inventory and status when the BIT is completed. If the missile system is a no-go, the MISSILE caution-warning segment will illuminate and the message MSL FAIL will be displayed in the HAD and AND. The AND missile inventory and status section will read FAIL if the pylon MRTU fails, launcher electronics fail, or all missiles on that launcher fail. If the PTWS passes the BIT, the 4x4 section will indicate either SAFE or inventory when the missile system is powered. To clear the SAFE message, the CPG must apply ARM power to the FCP and power up the missile system. He may also manually move the launcher SAFE/ARM switch to ARM. If icing conditions are expected, the launcher SAFE/ARM switch must be moved to ARM before ice accumulates on the switch. Select the desired missile delivery mode on the LOAL switch (OFF, DIR, LO, or HI).
(2) CPG FCP. Select the appropriate MSL indexers. In both the upper channel and the lower channel, set the appropriate laser code (A through H) and quantity (0 through 3). (See Task 1106 for laser code entry procedures.) Normally, autonomous laser code addresses are in the upper channel laser code indexer. Place the preplanned remote designator (air or ground) code address in the lower channel laser code indexer. (The quantity indexer value of zero is read by the RHE as 1; therefore, at least one missile will be maintained in a ready status in each of the upper and lower missile channels.) In the TADS LSR CODE section of the FCP, select the appropriate LST and LRF/D laser code indexers. The LST indexer normally is set to the remote designator code. The LRF/D indexer is set to the autonomous laser code. Upon completion of the CPG FCP check, the MSL UPR CHAN and the LRF/D codes should match, enabling autonomous missile engagements.
(3) Channel selection. The final step of initialization procedures is establishing the priority channel. To designate the priority channel, momentarily place the CHAN SEL switch to either the UPR or LWR position. The priority channel establishes the laser-coded Hellfire missile that is to be fired. Additionally, the CHAN SEL switch must be actuated for the FCC to read the MSL MODE switch, MSL LSR CODE (UPR and LWR CHAN) indexers, MSL QTY (UPR and LWR CHAN) indexers, and MSL TYPE switch. When any of these switches and indexers are set or changed, the CHAN SEL switch must be actuated.
NOTE: The CHAN SEL switch is not operational when the MODE switch is in the STBY position.
d. Laser.
(1) LSR switch. Position the LSR switch to ON.
WARNING When the CPG's FCP is in an armed status and the LASER switch is on, the laser trigger is armed. It is not controlled through the weapon action switch. |
(2) Laser range finder/designator switch. The LRF/D switch allows use of the LRF/D system with integrity when laser backscatter or other obscurations are present. With the switch in the OFF position, the first laser return from the scene of interest determines the range the FCC uses to compute ballisticequations. With the switch in the CCM position, the FCC uses the last laser return. When the CPG observes unrealistic changes in the laser range being displayed (for example, range changes that cannot be reasonably attributed to aircraft or target movement), the CCM position should be selected.
4. Weapon Action Switch. The crew can now activate the desired weapon system. When the weapon system is activated, the appropriate messages (for example, CRKT, PGUN, and CMSL) will be displayed in the PLT's and CPG's HAD weapons control section. The message SIGHT? in the HAD and AND weapons status section indicates that the SIGHT SEL switch is in the STBY position and no sight exists. With the missile mode in STBY, the missile delivery mode (LOBL, DIR, LO, or HI) followed by STBY is displayed when the CPG activates the missiles.
REFERENCES:
TASK 1144
TASK: Perform target handover.
CONDITIONS: In an AH-64 helicopter, an AH64CMS, or a CWEPT.
STANDARDS:
1. Select the correct setting on the ACQ SEL switch.
2. Correctly hand over the target to the other crew member.
3. Correctly receive the target handover.
4. Correctly perform crew coordination actions.
DESCRIPTION:
1. General. When either crew member designates a target for acquisition, he will announce "Pilot (or copilot-gunner) target" and briefly describe the target; for example, "Gunner target, BMP." The other crew member will quickly acquire the target and as soon as possible after acquiring the target, he will announce "Tally." If he does not acquire the target, he will announce "No joy." It is especially critical that the P relieve the P* of the target acquisition as soon as possible.
2. Backseat to Front Seat. The PLT will hand over the target to the CPG by announcing "Gunner target" and briefly describing the target. The CPG will place his ACQ SEL switch to the PHS position. If TADS is the selected LOS, depressing the slave push button will slave the TADS to the PLT's LOS. When the TADS stops moving, the CPG will unlatch the slave push button and announce to the pilot "Tally" to indicate that the handover is completed. If the CPG has HMD/TADS or HMD as the selected LOS, cueing dots or the cued LOS reticle will appear on the display. The CPG will move the selected LOS in the direction indicated by the dots or cued reticle until the selected LOS and cued LOS are overlayed. The CPG will announce "Tally" to indicate that PLT cueing is no longer required.
3. Front Seat to Backseat. The CPG will hand over the target to the PLT by announcing "Pilot target" and briefly describing the target. The PLT will place his ACQ SEL switch to the CPG position. When the cueing dots or cued LOS reticle appears, the PLT will move his LOS reticle in the direction indicated until the cued reticle and his LOS are overlayed. The PLT will announce "Tally" to indicate that CPG cueing is no longer required.
NOTE: Either crew member can acquire the other crew member's LOS by superimposing his FOV box over the cued LOS.
REFERENCES:
FM 1-112
FM 1-116
TM 55-1520-238-10
Unit SOP
TASK 1145
TASK: Perform IHADSS target tracking.
CONDITIONS: In an AH-64 helicopter or an AH64CMS.
STANDARDS:
1. Correctly place the IHADSS into operation.
2. Select the correct mode of operation.
3. Maintain the LOS reticle on the target.
4. Correctly perform crew coordination actions.
DESCRIPTION:
1. The P* or P will announce when tracking a target with the IHADSS if he anticipates an engagement or a target handover. The other crew member will acknowledge the announcement.
2. The crew member tracking a target with the IHADSS will place the HMD LOS reticle on the target. He will maintain the reticle on the target, as necessary, for target handover or weapons action.
WARNING When the CPG's SIGHT SEL switch is in the HMD/TADS position, the FCC will continue to use the IHADSS LOS for ballistic solutions regardless of whether the TADS is slaved to the IHADSS. |
REFERENCE: